First, keep ground temperature constant Proper ground temperature is the key to ensure the normal growth of vegetable roots. The optimum temperature for root growth of vegetables such as cucumber, eggplant, tomato and pepper is 20°C-22°C. Temperature at 12 °C, vegetable root physiological activity was blocked; at 8 °C, vegetable roots basically stopped growing; vegetables below 5 °C were frozen and died. Therefore, in the management of winter vegetables in the protection must be based on the type of vegetables to adjust the ground temperature, such as the ground temperature is too low we must increase the temperature within the shed, or take the whole film to cover. Second, to be reasonable watering and fertilizing Watering is unreasonable, the soil is too dry or too wet, and it has a great influence on the root system of vegetables. In particular, watering suddenly when the temperature is high at midday is the most likely to cause damage to the hairy roots of vegetables. Therefore, it is best to water before 10:00 in the morning, the amount of water should not be too large, avoid flooding irrigation, pay special attention in the winter. When the soil is dry and wet, it should be timely scratched to increase the permeability of the soil and promote the growth of the root system. Fertilizer must be careful not to overdo it once, so as not to enlarge the roots. In winter, care must be taken not to flush the fertilizer with high nitrogen content to prevent evaporation of ammonia from the vegetables. Third, we must pay attention to the application of biological fertilizer Biological bacterial fertilizer has the effects of improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility, inhibiting soil-borne diseases, and protecting root systems. Therefore, vegetable growers must pay attention to the application of biological bacterial fertilizer when topdressing. In addition, we must also guard against soil-borne diseases and the hazards of underground pests. All kinds of pests and diseases should be prevented and prevented in time.
Tylosin tartrate has a molecular formula of 2 (c46h77no17) · C4H6O6 and a molecular weight of 1982.31. It is white or light yellow powder, soluble in water (600mg / ml). Because of its good intestinal absorption, rapid diffusion in the body and high blood drug concentration, it is mostly used for therapeutic drugs in clinic. There are many clinical application methods, such as tablet oral administration, powder drinking, muscle injection, subcutaneous injection, mixed feeding and spray bath. Tylosin tartrate is mainly used to treat and prevent various respiratory tract, intestinal tract, reproductive tract and motor system infections caused by Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenic bacteria, Diplococcus pneumoniae, erysipelas, Haemophilus parahaemophilus, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella, spirochetes, coccidia and other pathogens. Such as: Poultry chronic respiratory disease, chicken infectious rhinitis, avian gasbag inflammation, infectious sinusitis, salpingitis, porcine asthma, atrophic rhinitis, porcine red dysentery, gastroenteritis, porcine erysipelas, Mycoplasma arthritis, intractable diarrhea of livestock and poultry, necrotizing enteritis, endometritis, suppurative infection of external genitalia of domestic animals, goat pleuropneumonia, ewe abortion, liver abscess of beef cattle Foot rot disease of cattle and sheep. It is also used for Mycoplasma purification in breeding poultry farms, such as egg injection and egg soaking. And it has a good effect on the prevention and treatment of Mycoplasma secondary infection in the outbreak of viral diseases in livestock and poultry. It is recognized as the first choice for the treatment and prevention of mycoplasma infection in livestock and poultry in the world, and the effect is better than erythromycin, beilimycin and tylosin.
With the increasing production of domestic tylosin, the antibiotic is more and more widely used in veterinary clinic in China. To sum up, it is mainly used to prevent and treat the following livestock and poultry diseases.
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It is a remarkable characteristic of tylosin that it has special effects on mycoplasma. Tylosin has become the first choice for the prevention and Treatment of Mycoplasma Diseases in livestock and poultry. It is mainly used for the prevention and treatment of porcine mycoplasma pneumonia (also known as porcine endemic pneumonia, commonly known as porcine asthma), Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (also known as chicken chronic respiratory disease), sheep infectious pleuropneumonia (also known as sheep mycoplasma pneumonia), bovine Mycoplasma mastitis and arthritis, sheep Mycoplasma agalactism and arthritis, porcine Mycoplasma serositis, arthritis, avian mycoplasma synovitis, etc.
2. Bacterial diseases
Tylosin has a good effect on many diseases caused by Gram-positive bacteria and some diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria. In veterinary clinic, it is mainly used for prevention and treatment:
(1) Various suppurative diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, such as acute and chronic mastitis of cattle and sheep, dermatitis of sheep and septicemia of lambs, dermatitis and abortion of pigs, traumatic infection, abscess and cellulitis of horses, gangrenous dermatitis, septicemia, Qi inflammation and arthritis of chickens.
(2) Bovine and sheep mastitis caused by Streptococcus, pig sepsis, arthritis, pig meningitis, horse adenosis, traumatic infection and cervicitis.
(3) Sheep suppurative caseous lymphadenitis (pseudotuberculosis) caused by Corynebacterium, equine ulcerative lymphangitis, subcutaneous abscess, bovine nephritis and mastitis, porcine urinary system infection, and porcine Clostridium enteritis caused by Clostridium welchii type C.
(4) Erysipelas caused by erysipelas.
(5) Pasteurella pneumoniae, bovine hemorrhagic septicemia, avian cholera and Pasteurellosis in sheep, horses and rabbits.
(6) Salmonellosis of various livestock and poultry caused by Salmonella.
(7) Colibacillosis of various livestock and poultry caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli.
(8) Chronic atrophic rhinitis in pigs caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica.
(9) Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused by cattle, pigs and chickens.
(10) Abortion and infertility of cattle, sheep and pigs caused by Brucella.
(11) Abortion and infertility in cattle and sheep caused by Campylobacter foetus (formerly known as Vibrio foetus).
(12) Colitis in pigs and chickens caused by Campylobacter coli (formerly known as Vibrio coli).
3. Spirochete diseases
Swine dysentery caused by serpentine spirochete, avian spirochete disease caused by goose spirochete.
4. Coccidia resistance
Adding tylosin to feed can control chicken Eimeria coccidiosis.
growth promotion
Tylosin has a good growth promoting effect. As a feed additive, the rational use of tylosin can not only prevent livestock and poultry diseases and ensure the health of livestock and poultry, but also significantly promote the growth and development of livestock and poultry, especially for young and growing livestock and poultry. It can improve feed utilization rate, shorten feeding cycle and increase breeding economic benefits.
1. Growth promoting effect on pigs
Yang Libin et al. Studied the addition of tylosin, olaquindox and norpida in the diet of growing pigs and their effects on the performance of pigs. The results showed that 50 mg / kg tylosin tartrate had the most obvious effect on the performance of growing pigs, and the average daily gain (ADG) was 0.69 kg, which was significantly higher than (P < 0.05) 30 mg / kg tylosin group (0.63 kg), 40 mg / kg olaquindox group (0.61 kg), 500 mg / kg norpida group (0.64 kg) and control group (0.64 kg); When 50 mg / kg tylosin tartrate was added to the diet, the feed to weight gain ratio was 2.39 ∶ 1, the feed consumption was significantly lower than (P < 0.05) quinoethanol group (2.75 ∶ 1), significantly lower than norpida group (2.54 ∶ 1), 30 mg / kg tylosin group (2.51 ∶ 1) and control group (2.56 ∶ 1). The feed conversion rate was 13.09%, 5.91% and 4.78% higher than that of quinoethanol group, norpida group and 30 mg / kg tylosin group, It was 6.64% higher than that in the control group. The annual production of pig feed in China is about 40.15 million tons. If the above doses are added as growth promoting doses, more than 20000 tons of tylosin premix of 10% will be consumed in pig feed every year.
2. Growth promoting effect on Broilers
Zheng Chuntian et al. Studied the effects of different types and doses of tylosin, aureomycin and losartan on the production performance of broilers. The results showed that the average weight gain of 20 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg tylosin tartrate group and 8.5 mg / kg tylosin phosphate group were higher than that of 40 mg / kg aureomycin group and 50 mg / kg losartan group at 1 ~ 3 weeks of age. The weight gain of 10 mg / kg tylosin tartrate group was significantly higher than that of aureomycin group and losartan group at 1 ~ 7 weeks of age (P < 0.05), The feed consumption of 10 mg / kg tylosin tartrate group was the lowest (2.03 ∶ 1), followed by 20 mg / kg tylosin tartrate group (2.04 ∶ 1) and 8.5 mg / kg tylosin phosphate group (2.07 ∶ 1). The three tylosin groups were significantly lower than 40 mg / kg aureomycin group (2.13 ∶ 1) and 50 mg / kg losartan group (2.09 ∶ 1). From the perspective of economic benefits, environmental protection and health, the appropriate amount of tylosin tartrate in broiler diet is 10mg / kg. Based on 51 million tons of egg and poultry feed and meat and poultry feed in China every year, more than 25000 tons of 10% tylosin premix as an additive are required in China every year.