Kidney stones are common diseases of the urinary system and frequently occur. The incidence of men is more than that of women. Most of them occur in young adults. There is no significant difference in the incidence rate between left and right sides. 40% to 75% of patients with kidney stones have varying degrees of low back pain. The stones are large and their mobility is very small, manifested as discomfort at the waist, or pain or dullness when the physical activity increases. The colic caused by the smaller stones often occurs abruptly in the waist and abdomen with severe pain and paroxysms. Etiology and pathogenesis There are many causes of kidney stones, including genetic factors, metabolic factors, infectious factors, environmental factors, dietary factors, anatomical factors, and drug factors. Its pathogenesis is also very complicated. We can briefly introduce the formation of kidney stones by understanding the composition of urine. The main function of urination is to discharge various wastes produced by metabolism. About 1500 ml of urine is discharged from a person each day, and about 30 grams to 50 grams of waste is carried away. These wastes include: urea, uric acid, creatinine, various acidic substances (hydrogen ions, lactic acid, glucuronic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, oxalic acid, tannic acid, etc.), various salts (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, Sodium, ammonia, chlorine, etc.). The concentration of these substances in the urine is high, but the human kidneys can keep these substances in balance and excrete them in a dissolved state. If there is too little urine, the less soluble substances such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, ammonium magnesium phosphate, etc., will form crystals - tiny stones. Usually, these tiny stones are discharged unconsciously. The reason for the above stone formation is to change some of the components in urine, break the balance of urine, and form tiny stones first. Under the long-term effects of the pathogenic factors, the crystallization continues to grow and eventually develop into a clinically meaningful one. Kidney stones. What are the symptoms of kidney stones? The symptoms of kidney stones are as follows: First, pain: Most patients with kidney stones experience low back pain or abdominal pain: Larger stones, mostly dull or dull on the side of the waist, often aggravate after the activity; minor stones, sudden cramps, severe pain, such as knife Cut the sample, along the affected side of the ureter to the lower abdomen, genital area and inner thigh radiation. Second, hematuria: Because kidney stones directly damage the mucous membranes of the kidneys and ureters, microscopic hematuria or gross hematuria often occurs after severe pain. The severity of hematuria is related to the degree of injury. >>>How to identify different types of kidney stones Third, pyuria: When the kidney and ureteral stones complicated with pyogenic cells in the urine, high fever and low back pain can occur clinically. Some patients are diagnosed with pyelonephritis. The stones were only found when urography was performed. Fourth, other: Stone obstruction can cause hydronephrosis, which can touch the enlarged kidney. When renal stones block two urinary tracts or renal pelvis, hydronephrosis, renal insufficiency, or even anuria often occur, and some patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms and anemia. Kidney stones should be treated as soon as possible First of all, stones will directly affect the function of the kidneys. People know that because the main role of the kidneys is to produce urine and eliminate toxic substances in the body, if the stones are allowed to develop, they can eventually develop into kidney failure, which is often said Uremia. Secondly, if the ureteral stones block the ureter, the urine in the kidneys cannot be discharged smoothly, which will lead to the accumulation of water in the kidneys. The urine accumulates in the kidneys for a long period of time. It is like a pool of stagnant water. It is prone to infection and may even cause severe uremia. It even captures the patient's life. Prevention of kidney stones Kidney stones are caused by long-term unhealthy living habits. They can only reduce the occurrence of kidney stones by prevention. There are also many ways to prevent kidney stones in life. The most common method is to change the life and eating habits to reach the kidneys. The purpose of prevention of stones. The prevention of changes in kidney stones can prevent and reduce the growth and incidence of stones. There are several types of kidney stones. Once your doctor has identified your stones, the following methods will help reduce the chance of recurrence. â— Drink plenty of water Regardless of which type of stone your body belongs to, the most important precaution is to increase your intake of water. Water can dilute urine and prevent high concentrations of salts and minerals from accumulating into stones. The right amount of water is enough to reach 2 liters of urine per day. If you work in the hot sun all day, you need to drink 2 gallons of water. â— Supplemental cellulose plus rice bran can prevent stone formation. • Control of calcium intake A few pockets in stones are formed from calcium or calcium-containing products. If your last stone is mainly calcium, you must pay attention to calcium intake. If you are taking nutritional supplement crystals, you first need to consult a physician if it is necessary. Followed by checking daily intake of high calcium foods, including milk, cheese, butter and other dairy products. Milk and antacids may produce kidney stones. â— Check your stomach medicine Some common antacids contain high amounts of calcium. If you are suffering from calcium stones and you are taking antacids, you should check the ingredients of this medicine to determine whether it contains high calcium. If you have high calcium, you should switch to other drugs. â— Do not eat oxalate-rich foods About 60% of stones are calcium oxalate stones. Therefore, diets rich in oxalic acid should be limited, including beans, beets, celery, chocolate, grapes, green peppers, coriander, spinach, strawberries, and cabbages. Also avoid alcohol, caffeine, tea, chocolate, dried figs, mutton, stone fruit, green peppers, black tea, and poppy seeds. â— People who are active and do not love activities tend to deposit calcium in the blood. Exercise helps calcium flow to the bone it belongs to. Do not sit and wait for the formation of stones all day. You should walk or exercise outdoors. â—Hot heat in the kidney area, cupping, electrotherapy, can relieve pain. Often take a hot shower, but also conducive to row stone. â— Eat foods rich in vitamin A Vitamin A is necessary for the maintenance of urethral intimal health. It also helps prevent stone recurrence. Healthy adults need 5,00 U of vitamin A per day. A cup of carrot can provide 10,055 Iu of vitamin A. Other foods rich in vitamin A are broccoli, apricot, melon, pumpkin, and bovine liver. (Vitamin A is toxic at high doses.) 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