Food Business News Network lycopene (Lycopene) carotenoids from 8 isoprene units, 11 molecules containing conjugated double bonds and 2 non-conjugated double bonds. Lycopene formula C40H56 The chemical structure is shown in Figure 1. Natural lycopene is an all-trans structure. Animals and humans cannot synthesize lycopene in the body and can only be ingested through dietary sources. Tomato and tomato products are the main sources of dietary lycopene, and other sources include watermelon, red grapefruit, apricot, guava, and Papaya, etc. In mature tomatoes, 80% to 90% of the pigment component is composed of lycopene. In the human body, lycopene is present in organs or tissues such as blood, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, and prostate. Lycopene is an important antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Epidemiology, animal testing and tissue culture have proven that lycopene has anti-cancer and anti-atherosclerotic functions, especially to reduce prostate cancer, digestion The risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Natural lycopene is a coloring agent approved by GB 2760-2011 "Food Safety National Standards for the Use of Food Additives". It can be applied to flavor fermented milk and beverages. The production method of lycopene has natural lycopene extraction method. Chemical synthesis and microbial fermentation. The research of natural lycopene mainly focuses on biological activity, extraction process and analytical detection. This paper analyzes the research progress of natural lycopene extraction process in recent ten years at home and abroad according to the extraction method. Organic solvent extraction Organic solvent extraction is a traditional method for extracting biologically active substances. It mainly involves two processes: solvent extraction and evaporation of solvent. The advantage is that the equipment investment cost is low and the process technology is mature. Lycopene is a fat-soluble pigment, commonly used. The extracting agent is n-hexane, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, etc. The main influencing factors are extractant, temperature, time, ratio of material to liquid, particle size, number of extractions, pH value, etc. Li Fang et al. used tomato sauce as raw material and ethyl acetate as extractant. The optimal extraction conditions of lycopene were as follows: extraction temperature 45 ° C, liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL / g) 3: 1, time 35 min, dip 3 times, the extraction rate was 72.88%, and the total extraction rate was 87.73%. Xu Yuan et al. extracted lycopene from red grapefruit and extracted it with petroleum ether as extractant through response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions are: extraction temperature 30 ° C, time 3.8 h, liquid-to-liquid ratio (g / mL) is 3.5: 1, the lycopene concentration in the product is 15.61 μg / mL. Li Lijie et al. The virgin fruit is used as raw material, and is pretreated with chloroform-hexane (2:1) as an extractant and soaked in an equal volume of absolute ethanol for 2 h. The optimized process parameters are: liquid to material ratio (mL / g) 3:1, The leaching temperature is 40 ° C, the time is 2.5 h, the lycopene yield is 4. 08 mg /100 g. Kaur et al. use dry tomato skin residue as raw material, and the ratio of n-hexane, acetone to ethanol is 2:1. The solution of 1 (containing 0. 05% dibutylhydroxytoluene or BHT) as the extractant, the optimal extraction condition by response surface optimization is: liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL/g) 30:1, extraction 4 times, temperature At 50 ° C, extraction for 8 min, lycopene yield was 1. 99 mg /100 g. Ishida and other dry tomato powder as raw materials, developed a new environmentally friendly and better than ethyl acetate extract, namely ethyl lactate, It was found that the addition of antioxidant α-tocopherol or α-lipoic acid could improve the extraction effect, the addition amount was 20 g / L; for orange red tomato, the temperature was 60 ° C, the extraction time was 4 h, and the condition of adding α-tocopherol was added. The lycopene yield was 2 431.47 μg / (g dry basis). The advantage of the organic solvent extraction method is that it is easy to operate and easy to industrialize, but the extraction of lycopene has the disadvantages of low selectivity and low extraction yield, and often requires extraction with a plurality of solvents, thereby increasing safety. Risk. In addition, because lycopene is prone to isomerization and oxidation at higher temperatures, the effect of temperature on lycopene needs to be considered. Supercritical CO2 extraction Supercritical fluid extraction is a separation technique that extracts a target component at a temperature higher than a critical temperature and a critical pressure by heating and pressurizing. In a supercritical state, the density is close to that of a liquid, and the viscosity is close to that of a gas. Between the two. The principle of extraction is to change the density of supercritical fluid by changing the temperature or pressure, thus changing the solubility of the fluid. The main influencing factors are extraction pressure, temperature, time, CO2 flow rate, entrainer, raw material moisture. Content, raw material size, etc. Yuan Yongcheng used tomato skin residue as raw material. After saponification pretreatment, it was extracted by supercritical CO2. The optimum process conditions were as follows: entrainer was n-hexane (20%), extraction time was 2 h, extraction temperature was 55 °C, extraction pressure was 35. MPa, lycopene yield was 16. 3 mg /100 g. Rozzi et al. used tomato residue as raw material to extract lycopene by supercritical extraction method, and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 86 °C, pressure 34. 47 MPa, CO2 flow rate 2. 5 mL / min, extraction time 200 min, extraction rate was 61.0%. Shi et al. used tomato skin as raw material to study the effect of different entrainers on supercritical extraction of lycopene. The influence of the entrainer on the extraction rate is olive oil, ethanol and water. The optimum extraction conditions are: temperature 75 °C, pressure 35 MPa, entrainer is a mixture of ethanol (10%) and olive oil (10%). The extraction rate was 73.3%. Kassama et al. used tomato skin as raw material and 95% ethanol as entrainer. The optimal extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology: temperature 62 °C, extraction pressure 45 MPa, entrainer mass fraction 14%, the extraction rate of all-trans lycopene is 33%. Siti et al. The tomato seed oil extracted from the eggplant seeds is used as an entrainer, and the optimum extraction conditions are as follows: temperature 90 ° C, pressure 40 MPa, the mass percentage of seeds and skin in the raw material is 58.73%, and the particle size of the raw material is 1. 05 ± 0. 10) mm, extraction time 180min, lycopene extraction rate was 56%. The advantages of supercritical CO2 extraction are high extraction efficiency, high yield and environmental friendliness. The disadvantage is high equipment cost. Due to the limited solubility of lycopene in CO2, entrainer is needed to increase the extraction rate and find suitable cooking oil. For entrainment. Enzymatic assisted extraction Enzymatic assisted extraction is a mild, environmentally friendly extraction method that uses specific enzymes to degrade or destroy pectin, glycoproteins, cellulose and hemicellulose in cell walls or cell membranes, releasing biologically active substances from cells. It can reduce the use of organic solvents, speed up the extraction and increase the extraction yield. Most of the lycopene in tomato is present in the pigment mother cells in the form of binding to lipoproteins. Commonly used enzymes are cellulase and pectin. Enzyme, hemicellulase, pepsin, etc. Factors affecting enzymatic extraction are: enzyme type, enzyme amount, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature, enzymatic hydrolysis time, pH value, pretreatment, etc. Zhou Dandan et al. used immobilized pectinase to extract lycopene from tomato paste and used gelatin to immobilize enzyme. The optimized process conditions were: 0.1% enzyme, 1 h hydrolysis time, temperature 45 °C, pH value. The optimum range is 5-6; after enzymatic hydrolysis, the supernatant is centrifuged, and ethyl acetate is used as the extractant. The ratio of material to liquid (g / mL) is 1:1, and the extraction rate is 2 h. The relative extraction rate of lycopene The stability of the immobilized enzyme was 92.4%. After 7 treatments, the extraction rate was reduced to 21.5%, and the relative enzyme activity was 70%. Choudhari et al. used pectinase and cellulase to extract different materials. The lycopene. For the tomato skin, the pectinase can increase the rate and the effect is better than the cellulase; for the tomato residue, the optimized process parameters are: cellulase mass fraction 3%, temperature 55 ° C, pH value 4.5. At 15min, the yield increased by 61%; the pectinase mass fraction was 2%, the temperature was 60 °C, the pH was 5, and the time was 20 min, the yield increased by 45%. Cuccolini et al. used tomato skin as raw material to optimize the extraction. The process is: pretreatment with 4% NaOH solution at 70 °C for 2 h, then adding hydrochloric acid to reduce the pH to 2.2, after centrifugation Clear solution to obtain pigment mother cell pellet; using 3% cellulase and pectinase (mass ratio 1:1) at a temperature of 50 ° C, pH value of 4.5 at 4 h; enzymatic hydrolysis for 4 h; (Prolyve 1000) For secondary enzymatic hydrolysis, the final product lycopene has a mass fraction of 8% to 10%, which is 30 times the raw material content. Zuorro et al. use a 1:1 pectinase (Peclyve PR) and Cellulase (Cellulyve 50LC) assisted extraction of lycopene from tomato residue. Under the condition of liquid to material ratio (mL/g) of 60:1, the optimal process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology: temperature 30 °C, The extraction time was 3.18h, the mass ratio of enzyme to raw material was 16%, and the extraction rate was 67.87%. The cell wall of raw materials such as tomato was hydrolyzed by food-grade cell wall degrading enzymes (such as gelatinase, cellulase, hemicellulase, etc.). Polysaccharide can reduce the mass transfer obstacle in the extraction process, and thus improve the extraction yield. Enzymatic assisted extraction method has mild operating conditions and short extraction time. It is more suitable for the extraction of oxidative degradation substances such as lycopene, but it needs to consider enzymes. The cost of the preparation and its activity in organic solvents. Ultrasound-assisted extraction Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology is a new chemical separation technology that utilizes multi-stage effects such as cavitation, mechanical and thermal effects of ultrasonic waves to assist and enhance solvent extraction. Ultrasonic energy generates and transmits powerful energy and produces cavitation effects in liquids. The cavitation effect creates great pressure to destroy the cell wall and the entire solid particles. At the same time, the mechanical vibration generated by the ultrasonic waves enhances the release, diffusion and dissolution of intracellular substances, and strengthens the extraction of active components. The size of the cavitation effect depends on the ultrasonic wave. Properties, product characteristics (such as viscosity and surface tension) and environmental conditions (such as temperature and pressure). Cai Jizhi et al. used tomato slag as raw material and used a mixture of ethyl acetate and acetone (2:1) as extractant. The optimized process parameters were: ratio of material to liquid (g / mL) of 1: 5, ultrasonic power of 80W, extraction. Time 20min, temperature 40 °C, pH value 6, lycopene extraction rate 62. 52%. Zhang et al. used tomato residue as raw material, using ethyl acetate as extractant, ultrasonic power 50W, frequency 40 kHz Under the conditions, the optimal conditions obtained by the response surface method are as follows: The extraction temperature is 86. 4 °C, the liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL / g) is 8. 0: 1 , the extraction time is 29.1 min, and the lycopene extraction rate is 89. 4%. Eh et al. used lyophilized tomato pulp as raw material at a ultrasonic frequency of 37 kHz and a power of 140 W. The extractant was a mixture of n-hexane, acetone and ethanol (2:1:1). The optimal process parameters obtained by the method optimization are: extraction time 45. 6 min, temperature 47.6 ° C, liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL / g) is 74. 4:1, lycopene extraction rate is 99%, the product is full The mass ratio of trans lycopene was ( 5.11 ± 0. 27) mg / (g dry basis). Xu and other red grapefruit were used as raw materials, using petroleum ether, acetone and 95% ethanol ( 2: 1 : 1) Mixed solvent (containing 2% dichloromethane and 0.5% BHT) as extractant. Under the ultrasonic power of 20 kHz, the extraction process is as follows: extraction time 30 min, extraction temperature 30 °C 1%, the liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL / g) 3: 1, the ultrasonic intensity of 605 W / cm2, the duty ratio of 66.7%, the mass fraction of all-trans lycopene in the product is 87.1%. Kumcuoglu et al. The raw material, under the condition that the extracting agent is n-hexane, acetone and ethanol (2:1:1) mixed solvent (including 0. 05% BHT) and the ultrasonic frequency is 24 kHz, the optimal extraction process is as follows: (mL / g) is 35: 1, ultrasonic power 90W, extraction time 30min, lycopene yield (89. 9 ± 0. 87) mg / kg. For the extraction of natural lycopene, ultrasonic assisted extraction can be effective Improve extraction yield and shorten extraction time. Compared with other new extraction technologies such as microwave-assisted extraction, it has lower equipment cost and simple operation. In industrial applications, it is necessary to consider the increase of ultrasonic wave propagation distance in the medium. The problem of gradual attenuation of amplitude, ultrasonic and enzymatic co-assisted extraction is a solution. Microwave assisted extraction Microwave-assisted extraction technology is a new chemical separation technology that utilizes the multi-stage effects of microwave thermal effect and biological effect to assist and enhance solvent extraction. Microwave is simultaneously heated inside and outside by ion conduction and dipole rotation. Under the action of it, it will cause strong polar oscillations of polar molecules such as water molecules, destroying or weakening hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds and other secondary bonds. Add polar organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, etc.) or salts. Can improve the heating effect. Chen Jianbo et al. using a fresh tomato as a raw material, using a surfactant and microwave extraction of lycopene, the optimal process conditions were as follows: ethyl acetate as an extractant, adding 0.1% surfactant CSB-50 (cocamidoamide) Propyl hydroxysulfobetaine), microwave power 464 W, extraction time 100 s, ratio of material to liquid (g / mL) of 1: 3, one extraction rate of 76. 4%. Zhang Suxia using chloroform-acetone (2: 1) Extraction of lycopene from tomato for extractant, the optimal process conditions are: ratio of material to liquid (g / mL) 1: 3, microwave power 360 W, time 15 s, extraction 2 times, extraction rate 97.81% Tao Tingting et al. used microwave method to extract lycopene from fresh tomato and used ethyl acetate as extractant. The optimal extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology: microwave power 500 W, time 160 s, liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL) /g) 8. 2: 1, extracted 3 times, the lycopene yield was 3. 047 mg / (g dry basis). Zhao Juanjuan used tomato slag as raw material, and found that microwave assisted ultrasonic assisted effect is better, response surface method optimization The obtained process parameters are: microwave power 400 W, ratio of material to liquid (g / mL) 1: 4, extraction time 35 s, extraction 2 The extraction rate of lycopene exceeded 97%. Su Asia used tomato skin as raw material and ethyl acetate as extractant. It was found that when the water content of tomato skin was 30%, it was beneficial to microwave-assisted extraction. The optimum process conditions were obtained. : extraction time 60 s, liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL / g) 12: 1, microwave power 540 W, extraction 4 times, lycopene extraction rate was 92.37%. Microwave extraction method with high extraction rate, solvent method 1. 139 times, 1.003 times of the ultrasonic method. The extraction time is 1.3% of the solvent method, 4. 4% of the ultrasonic method. The microwave-assisted extraction of lycopene has high extraction efficiency, low solvent consumption, and high extraction rate. Advantages, but because lycopene is prone to isomerization and oxidative degradation at higher temperatures, and microwaves have a selective heating effect on polar substances, microwave-assisted extraction should be selected as much as possible. Small solvent. Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction method is a new separation technology that utilizes microwave power and irradiation time continuously adjustable, ultrasonic vibration, microwave heating mode and degree can be arbitrarily combined and set to enhance extraction. It retains the advantages of microwave assisted and ultrasonic assisted. And overcome the shortcomings of limited microwave penetration and uneven extraction, low ultrasonic vibration and low noise. Zhang et al. used tomato slag as raw material, and under the condition of microwave power of 98W (frequency of 2 450 MHz) and ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz (power of 50 W), using ethyl acetate as extractant, optimized by response surface methodology. The optimum process is: liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL/g) is 10.6:1, extraction time is 367 s, extraction temperature is 86.4 °C, lycopene extraction rate is 97.4%, higher than ultrasonic extraction Rate (89. 4%), extraction time is 0. 21 times of the ultrasonic method. Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction combines the advantages of both, with high extraction rate and short extraction time. However, the mass transfer mechanism of ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction and the effect of ultrasonic-microwave synergy on the structure and activity of lycopene are currently still uncertain. Ultra high pressure assisted extraction Ultra-high pressure auxiliary extraction method is a new non-thermal technology that uses ultra-high pressure (greater than 100MPa) to change the matrix structure of matrix material, reduce the diffusion resistance of solute, and provide high-pressure mass transfer power for solute diffusion to assist and enhance solvent extraction. Yan Xueyuan et al. used ultra-high pressure to extract lycopene from tomato skin residue and used n-hexane as extractant. The optimum conditions were as follows: pressure 300 MPa, dwell time 5 min, solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) 1:10, extracted 3 times, the lycopene extraction rate was 83.2%. Sun Peidong et al studied the effect of ultra-high pressure pretreatment on lycopene extraction, and the optimal conditions were: pressure 200 MPa, 3 times pressurization Under this condition, the extraction amount of the first three times is 4.8 times that of the case without high pressure treatment. Liu Zelong uses tomato as raw material to obtain ultra-high pressure assisted extraction through mixed design and response surface analysis. The optimum process is: static pressure 168 MPa, liquid-solid ratio (mL / g) 17. 6: 1, dwell time is about 2 min, pressure is added 3 times, pressure medium temperature is 40 °C, lycopene extraction rate is 94. 5%. Xi applied high hydrostatic pressure to extract lycopene from tomato residue, and the best process parameters were: room temperature treatment, static pressure 500 MPa, dwell time 1 min, extractant 75% ethanol, solid Liquid ratio (g / mL) 1: 6, extraction rate of 92%; Xi also compared the extraction of high hydrostatic pressure treatment and Soxhlet extraction If the extractant is 75% ethanol and the solid-liquid ratio (g / mL) is 1: 5, the extraction yield of (5. 73 ± 3. 07) mg at 500 MPa high hydrostatic pressure for 1 min at room temperature. /100g, significantly higher than the yield of Soxhlet extraction for 30 min (35.61 ± 2.34) mg / 100 g. At present, there are few researches on ultra-high pressure assisted extraction of lycopene. Although this method has higher processing cost and less processing capacity, it is a non-thermal processing technology with development prospects. In actual application, ultra-high pressure process parameters should also be considered. The effect on the stability of lycopene. High voltage pulsed electric field assisted extraction High-voltage pulsed electric field-assisted extraction technology is a new type of non-thermal extraction that assists and enhances solvent extraction by applying high-voltage pulse (usually greater than 20 kV/cm) to the liquid raw material matrix and destroying the cell membrane by multi-stage effects such as electroporation effect generated by pulsed electric field. technology. Jin Shengyu et al used high-voltage pulsed electric field to extract lycopene from tomato skin residue. The best conditions were as follows: ethyl acetate as extractant, electric field strength was 30 kV/cm, liquid-to-liquid ratio (mL/g) The pulveroid extraction rate is 96.7%, which is 2. 4 times of the organic solvent method and 1.23 times of the microwave assisted method. Ultrasound-assisted method is 1.04 times, and the processing time is short (16 μs). Eda is optimized from tomato using the extractant as water and liquid to material ratio (mL / g) of 10:1. 4%。 The electric field treatment process, the electric field strength of 80V / cm, time 4 s, lycopene extraction rate increased by 112. 4%. The high-voltage pulsed electric field-assisted extraction method has the advantages of short extraction time, high extraction rate and mild processing conditions, especially suitable for the extraction of heat-sensitive substances. The basis of the influence of high-pressure pulsed electric field process parameters on the stability of lycopene and extraction mechanism The research needs to be deepened. The obstacles of applying pulsed electric field technology are as follows: 1) The research results of the literature are difficult to compare due to the difference in operation mode and materials; 2) It is difficult to realize real-time monitoring of process conditions due to the complexity of the technology itself. . Existing problems and prospects Lycopene is a fat-soluble pigment with important physiological activity. It is prone to isomerization and oxidative degradation at higher temperatures. In the process of extraction, attention should be paid to the protection of lycopene. Foreign supercritical extraction of tomato The study of erythromycin is relatively deep, and finding a suitable entrainer is a breakthrough. Since natural lycopene is present in the pigment mother cells and is surrounded by the cell wall, enzymatic hydrolysis can effectively improve the extraction effect, but the cost of the enzyme needs to be solved. The problem of low utilization rate. Ultrasonic method can effectively increase the extraction rate of lycopene and shorten the extraction time. However, the ultrasonic wave will gradually attenuate in the medium as the propagation distance increases, which is a problem to be solved in industrial applications. The pulsed electric field assisted extraction method is suitable for the extraction of heat sensitive substances, but the research on the influence of pulsed electric field process parameters on the stability of lycopene has yet to be deepened. Future research should focus on the extraction mechanism and process parameters on the lycopene structure. And the impact of activity, as well as multi-technology synergistic extraction and process optimization, while focusing on development Source material, to reduce costs and achieve the extraction of raw material utilization. NINGBO YOUHE MOTHER&BABY PRODUCTS CO.,LTD , https://www.oembreastpump.com